Written by In the current study, we describe the horizontal Lang pencil test as a parameter to evaluate gross stereopsis and compare it with the currently and commonly used stereo tests. We found that the easily performed horizontal Lang two-pencil test detected all subjects who had stereopsis. In addition, with no false negative responses and a 100% sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV), this test may be used as a potential screening test for detecting gross stereopsis.
This blog post will provide you with an evaluation of whether paper-and-pencil exams are still worth it in 2021. The question “to bra or not to bra” can be easily answered if the undecided woman will apply this test to herself. Online exams eliminate the need to use resources that are not environmentally friendly such as paper. Offline exams also have few options when it comes to question types. However, the paper-and-pencil testing does have a number of shortfalls.
The Pencil Test
The horizontal Lang two-pencil test, a subjective test which could be easily performed, was able to detect all the patients with stereopsis. It was interesting to note that it also detected stereopsis in four of the 18 patients who otherwise had no measurable stereopsis on TNO and Randot. Visual acuity was assessed using the Snellen’s visual acuity chart. Bagolini glass test was used to assess binocularity and fusion consists of lenses with striations which are at right angles to each other.
In conclusion, the horizontal Lang two-pencil test, an easily performed test even in children, with a high sensitivity and negative predictive value can be used as a potential bedside test to detect stereopsis and binocularity. We live in a world of instant gratification and that is the same when it comes to assessments. Unlike online exams which have options to keep the students engaged, offline exams are open to constant destruction from external factors. Any level of measurable stereo-acuity on the Randot (up to 500 sec of arc) or TNO (up to 480 sec of arc) was considered as presence of stereopsis. False positive is defined as the absence of measurable stereo-acuity on the TNO or Randot, but presence of gross stereopsis on the synoptophore or horizontal Lang two-pencil test.
Horizontal lang two-pencil test as a screening test for stereopsis and binocularity
Sensory status examination including binocularity and stereopsis were evaluated with Bagolini, Titmus test and the Netherlands organisation for applied scientific research (TNO), Randot, synoptophore and horizontal Lang two-pencil test. Table 3 shows the predictivity of the synoptophore and horizontal Lang two-pencil test in comparison to TNO and Randot as a test for stereopsis. In Table 4, binocularity was compared between the three circles’ test on TNO, R and L test on Randot and Lang two-pencil test taking Bagolini striated glass test as the gold standard for binocularity. As can be seen in the Table, Lang pencil test being a test to detect gross stereopsis, shows 100% specificity for binocularity. Performance of the subjects on the Bagilini striated glass test and the four stereo tests is summarized in Table 2.
Second, the pencil test is a qualitative test, it should be used purely for screening especially in situations where quantitative tests like the TNO, Randot and Frisby are not readily available. Unlike traditional exams which are limited to a certain number of question types, online exams offer many question types. Videos, audio, drag and drop, high-fidelity simulations, gamification, and much more are possible. Most people think that offline exams are cheat-proof but that is not the case. Most offline exams count on invigilators and supervisors to make sure that cheating does not occur.
Breast sagging
This was a cross-sectional study evaluating the horizontal Lang two-pencil test in acquired strabismus and normal subjects after approval from the Institutional review board of our Institute. The subjects were enrolled from the squint clinic and outpatient department of our Institute. Any subject with vertical strabismus more than 5 prism diopters (PD), or with intermittent deviation or any heterophoria, or not willing to participate in the evaluation was excluded. Patients with intermittent strabismus were excluded because it is believed that they may have some fusional component. The subjects were divided into two groups based on the amount of deviation; Group 1 with an angle of deviation less than or equal to 8 PD, and Group 2 with deviation greater than or equal to 10 PD. The criteria for normal subjects were a BCVA of 20/20 with no significant anisometropia, and who were orthophoric.
It was performed by keeping a pair of the striated glasses in front of each eye, and the subject was asked to fixate on a punctate light source. The possible responses were a) symmetrical cross response b) asymmetrical cross response c), single line response, and d) cross response with a central gap in one line. Responses ‘a’ and ‘b’ indicate binocularity while response ‘c’ indicates suppression. The central suppression response ‘d’ indicates either a fixation point scotoma (with manifest deviation and anomalous retinal correspondence) or foveal scotoma (with orthophoria and normal retinal correspondence). The three circles test on TNO and the R and L test in the Randot booklet was explained together with the respective tests. Horizontal Lang two-pencil test, an easily performed test with a high sensitivity and negative predictive value can be used as a screening test to detect gross stereopsis and binocularity.
Pencil Cart Features…
Over 90% of subjects in the group with a smaller angle of deviation, and all normal subjects showed presence of fusion, whereas only 30% of subjects with larger deviation had fusion. Since Bagolini detects binocularity pencil test cases and not stereopsis, it was therefore not included in the tests for stereopsis. As expected, subjects with lesser deviation demonstrated presence of stereopsis as determined by the various stereo tests.
This requires a lot of human resources and expensive software. It is also difficult to find out if your learning strategy is working or it needs some adjustments. “To err is human.” But, when it comes to assessments, accuracy, and consistency.
The level of stereo-acuity was evaluated using TNO and Randot stereo tests, which are based on the Random dot stereograms. They contain no information about the shape or nature of the object hidden in the visual noise of random dots. Only when the images from the right and left eye are combined at the neural level and the object is seen in depth does recognition take place. Some advantages of paper-and-pencil testing include students having familiarity with the system, development of a social connection between learners, exemption from technical glitches, and affordability. Some schools don’t have the resources and pen-and-paper assessments are the only option available. First, we have not attempted to compare the horizontal Lang two-pencil test with the popularly performed vertical test, hence our assumption that the horizontal test contains less monocular cues could not be proven.
However, this point has not been proven and a comparative evaluation between the vertical and horizontal pencil test has not been done. Evaluation using the synoptophore is more complicated, and we found it to be not as sensitive as the horizontal Lang two-pencil test. A possible reason could be the younger age group of our subjects who may have found the test trying and not easy to perform.
Online Assessment
How easily it comes out determines whether the person has “passed” or “failed” the test. No evidence has been offered as to its validity, but some people consider it a method to determine whether a young girl should begin wearing a bra. The implication is that breasts that are not pendulous enough to trap a pencil are self-supporting and do not need the added support of a bra. Pen-and-paper exams depend on instructors to analyze the results and come up with insight.
- This blog post will provide you with an evaluation of whether paper-and-pencil exams are still worth it in 2021.
- Pencils are now an important part of South African cultural heritage and a symbol of racism.
- Of the 26 with stereopsis, two were missed on the synoptophore.
- In the current study, we describe the horizontal Lang pencil test as a parameter to evaluate gross stereopsis and compare it with the currently and commonly used stereo tests.
- To assess the horizontal Lang two-pencil test as a bedside test to detect gross stereopsis.
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